BACKGROUND. The Colorectal Cancer South Africa (CRCSA) study is an observational cohort of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in Johannesburg, South Africa (SA). We found that the mean age at the time of CRC diagnosis was 56.6 years, consistent with studies from SA and sub-Saharan Africa. In high-income settings, comorbidity adversely affects CRC survival, and patients are substantially older at the time of CRC diagnosis. Given the younger age at CRC diagnosis in the CRCSA cohort, we hypothesised that comorbidity may be less prevalent and have little impact on CRC survival.OBJECTIVES. To determine the prevalence of comorbidity and whether comorbidity adversely affects overall survival (OS) of CRC patients.METHODS. Patients enrolled in the CRCSA study between January 2016 and July 2018 were included. The cohort comprised a convenience sample of adults with histologically confirmed CRC, treated at the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Teaching Hospital Complex. Demographic, clinical and histological variables were collected at baseline and participants were followed up for OS. The Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) scoring system was used to classify participants as 'no comorbidity' (CCI score 0) and '1 or more comorbidities' (CCI score >1). A descriptive analysis of the cohort was undertaken, while survival across comorbidity groups was compared by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression models. Multivariable Cox PH regression was performed to examine the effect of comorbidity on survival (unadjusted) and then adjusted for variables.RESULTS. There were 424 participants, and the mean (standard deviation) age was 56.6 (14.1) years (range 18 - 91). Only 19.1% of participants had >1 comorbidities, of which diabetes mellitus was most frequent (12.3%), followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4.7%) and cardiovascular disease (3.1%). There was no significant difference in unadjusted and adjusted risk of death for the group with >1 comorbidities compared with those with no comorbidity. However, an incidental finding showed a significantly increased risk of death for those receiving potentially curative treatment later than 40 days after CRC diagnosis.CONCLUSIONS. In the CRCSA cohort from Johannesburg, comorbidity is uncommon, with no significant adverse effect on OS. If potentially curative treatment is initiated within 40 days of CRC diagnosis, OS could be improved. To fully understand the epidemiology of CRC in SA, population-based registries are essential, and future research should aim to identify health system failures that lead to delays in intervention beyond 40 days in patients with CRC.

INTRODUCTION: There are few published data from South Africa (SA) on the outcomes ofblack HIV-positive patients receiving chronic haemodialysis. METHODS: This retrospective study compared the incidences of vascular and infectious morbidity and mortality in black HIV-positive patients with those in a group of HIV-negative patients matched for ethnicity, age and gender. All the patients were receiving chronic haemodialysis in the medically insured healthcare sector of SA. RESULTS: The incidence of tuberculosis and hospital admission rates for vascular access-related infections were significantly higher in the HIV-positive group than the HIV-negative group. The HIV-positive group had significantly lower albumin (p<0.05) and haemoglobin levels (p<0.01), but this did not impact on mortality. Survival in both groups was excellent. In the HIV-positive group, viral suppression rates were suboptimal with <50% of patients on antiretroviral therapy completely virally suppressed. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that black HIV-positive patients receiving chronic haemodialysis in a healthcare-funded environment in SA have excellent overall survival in spite of higher hospital admission rates and higher infectious morbidity compared with HIV-negative patients.

Sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing health transition as increased globalization and accompanying urbanization are causing a double burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Rates of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in Africa are the highest in the world. The impact of noncommunicable diseases is also increasing. For example, age-standardized mortality from cardiovascular disease may be up to three times higher in some African than in some European countries. As the entry point into the health service for most people, primary care plays a key role in delivering communicable disease prevention and care interventions. This role could be extended to focus on noncommunicable diseases as well, within the context of efforts to strengthen health systems by improving primary-care delivery. We put forward practical policy proposals to improve the primary-care response to the problems posed by health transition: (i) improving data on communicable and noncommunicable diseases; (ii) implementing a structured approach to the improved delivery of primary care; (iii) putting the spotlight on quality of clinical care; (iv) aligning the response to health transition with health system strengthening; and (v) capitalizing on a favourable global policy environment. Although these proposals are aimed at primary care in sub-Saharan Africa, they may well be relevant to other regions also facing the challenges of health transition. Implementing these proposals requires action by national and international alliances in mobilizing the necessary investments for improved health of people in developing countries in Africa undergoing health transition.

En el África subsahariana se está produciendo una transición sanitaria, a medida que la globalización creciente y la correspondiente urbanización generan una doble carga de enfermedades transmisibles y no transmisibles. África registra las tasas más altas del mundo de enfermedades transmisibles como el VIH/SIDA, la tuberculosis y la malaria. El impacto de las enfermedades no transmisibles también va en aumento. Por ejemplo, el índice de mortalidad normalizada según la edad debida a enfermedades cardiovasculares puede ser en algunos países de África hasta tres veces mayor que en algunos países europeos. La atención primaria desempeña un papel clave en la prevención y en las intervenciones asistenciales de las enfermedades transmisibles, al ser la puerta de acceso al sistema sanitario para la mayoría de las personas. Esta función se podría ampliar a la atención de las enfermedades no contagiosas, dentro del contexto de los esfuerzos realizados para consolidar los sistemas sanitarios, mejorando las prestaciones de la atención primaria. Hemos presentado propuestas de normas prácticas para mejorar la respuesta de la atención primaria ante los problemas planteados por la transición sanitaria: (a) mejorar los datos sobre las enfermedades contagiosas y no contagiosas; (b) aplicar un enfoque estructurado para una prestación mejorada de la atención primaria; (c) centrar la atención en la calidad de la asistencia clínica; (d) alinear la respuesta a la transición sanitaria con la consolidación del sistema sanitario; y (e) aprovechar la situación política mundial favorable. Aunque estas propuestas están dirigidas a la atención primaria en el África subsahariana, bien podrían resultar adecuadas para otras regiones que también se enfrenten a los desafíos de la transición sanitaria. La aplicación de estas propuestas requiere la acción de las alianzas nacionales e internacionales movilizando las inversiones necesarias para mejorar la salud de la población de los países africanos en desarrollo que se encuentren inmersos en un proceso de transición sanitaria

L'Afrique subsaharienne subit une transition sanitaire alors que la globalisation croissante et l'urbanisation qui l'accompagne engendrent le double fléau des maladies transmissibles et non transmissibles. En Afrique, les taux des maladies transmissibles, comme le VIH/SIDA, la tuberculose et la malaria, sont les plus élevés au monde. L'impact des maladies non transmissibles enregistre également une augmentation. À titre d'exemple, la mortalité standardisée par âge, due à une maladie cardiovasculaire, peut être trois fois plus élevée dans certains pays africains que dans certains pays européens. Les soins de santé primaires étant le point d'entrée dans un service de santé pour la plupart des Africains, ils jouent un rôle clé dans la prévention des maladies transmissibles et dans les interventions sanitaires. Ce rôle pourrait être étendu afin de s'orienter également sur les maladies non transmissibles, dans le cadre d'efforts réalisés pour renforcer les systèmes de santé en améliorant l'offre de soins primaires. Nous émettons des propositions politiques pratiques visant à améliorer la réponse des soins de santé primaires aux problèmes que pose la transition sanitaire: (i) optimisation des données sur les maladies transmissibles et non transmissible; (ii) mise en œuvre d'une approche structurée de l'offre améliorée des soins de santé primaires; (iii) mise en lumière de la qualité des soins cliniques; (iv) alignement de la réponse sur la transition sanitaire et du renforcement du système de santé; et (v) capitalisation sur un environnement politique global favorable. Bien que ces propositions soient axées sur les soins de santé primaires en Afrique subsaharienne, elles peuvent également s'appliquer aux autres régions devant elles aussi relever les défis de la transition sanitaire. La mise en œuvre de ces propositions nécessite une action des alliances nationales et internationales en termes de mobilisation des investissements nécessaires à l'amélioration de la santé des habitants des pays africains en voie de développement qui font face à une transition sanitaire.

OBJETIVO: O arqueamento das pernas geralmente é atribuído ao raquitismo causado pela carência de vitamina D; portanto, várias crianças afetadas acabam sendo classificadas erroneamente e tratadas inadequadamente. Este caso ilustra como uma avaliação clínica e radiológica cuidadosa pode levar à elucidação de sua causa. DESCRIÇÃO: Relatamos um caso esporádico de um menino de 2 anos de idade que apresentou achados radiológicos compatíveis com síndrome de Weismann-Netter-Stuhl. Além disso, observamos o complexo de malformação craniovertebral. O paciente possuía inteligência normal. Até onde sabemos, a combinação de síndrome de Weismann-Netter-Stuhl e occipitalização do atlas hipoplásico e posterior fusão das vértebras C2 e C3 nunca foi relatada antes. Descrevemos o diagnóstico da síndrome de Weismann-Netter-Stuhl. As características clássicas da síndrome de Weismann-Netter-Stuhl são baixa estatura, retardamento mental (em alguns indivíduos), calcificação da dura-máter e arqueamento anterior da tíbia. Todavia, acreditamos que um exame clínico e radiológico cuidadoso possa revelar dados mais contundentes que poderiam influenciar positivamente o processo de tratamento. COMENTÁRIOS: Presumimos que as limitações congênitas dos movimentos do pescoço em nosso paciente surgiram por causa da fusão acentuada do osso occipital ao atlas hipoplásico e da fusão simultânea da segunda e terceira vértebras. Portanto, se desconsiderarmos esse tipo de malformação, a estrutura atlanto-axial poderá ser comprometida, o que poderá causar complicações neurológicas sérias e até mesmo fatais. A tomografia tem um papel crucial na detecção dessas anormalidades.

OBJECTIVE: Bowing of the legs is usually thrown into the basket of vitamin D deficiency rickets; therefore, a significant number of affected children can be misdiagnosed and improperly managed. This case illustrates how the careful clinical and radiological assessment of such a case can lead to the adequate understanding of its etiology. DESCRIPTION: We report a sporadic case of a 2-year-old male child who presented with radiological features that were compatible with Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome. In addition, we observed craniovertebral malformation complex. He was of normal intelligence. To our knowledge, the combination of Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome and presence of a hypoplastic occipitalized atlas and further C2-C3 fusion has not been reported before. The diagnosis of Weismann-Netter-Stuhl is discussed. Classically, Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome is characterized by short stature, mental retardation (in some individuals), dural calcification, and anterior bowing of the tibiae. However, we believe that careful clinical and radiological examinations can reveal more striking data which might positively reflect on the whole process of management. COMMENTS: We postulate that the congenital limitations in neck movements in our patient developed because of the marked fusion of the hypoplastic and occipitalized atlas and simultaneous C2-C3 fusion. Therefore, if this form of malformation is disregarded, there may be involvement of the atlantoaxial structure, and this can possibly lead to serious neurological and even life-threatening complications. The use of CT scanning for the detection of such abnormalities can be remarkably important.